![]() ![]() ![]() GraphPad Prism will provide users with the possibility of solving the most difficult and difficult statistical problems at a suitable speed by providing various software.Īlthough Prism, by default, is prepared for specialized work, with the appropriate statistical guide, it is also possible for beginners to use this software. In general, it can be said that this software is made to solve scientific and commercial problems. This software has the ability to draw all kinds of 3D diagrams and is also used to solve statistical problems. GraphPad Prism is the name of one of the statistical software products published by a private company called GraphPad. Features and Specification of GraphPad Prism software:.Steroids exert pervasive effects on brain, physiology and various behaviors ranging from learning and memory to socio-sexual behaviors 1, 2. This has been known for over a century and the identification of steroid binding sites in the brain was instrumental in dissecting the functional circuits that control these behaviors 3, 4. The molecular mechanisms mediating these effects remain however partly unknown. For example, if male sexual behavior is clearly activated by diffusible factors produced by the testes, as already established by Berthold in 1849 5, the changes in brain concentrations of the steroids involved, testosterone and its metabolites, remain poorly characterized.Įstrogens, such as 17β-estradiol (E 2), derived from testosterone aromatization in the brain mediate many central effects of testosterone 6 and changes in brain aromatase activity (AA) have been described in a variety of physiological conditions and species 7, 8, 9. The resulting changes in local E 2 concentrations are less clear. A host of studies indicate that brain steroid concentrations are not a direct reflection of concentrations circulating in the blood (In rodents 10, 11, 12 in quail 13) which led to the discovery that the brain itself can synthesize steroids from cholesterol, independent from the supply of systemic precursors, these are the so-called neurosteroids 14, 15. In quail, E 2 activates aspects of male sexual behavior by acting both slowly as a transcription factor controlling the synthesis of proteins and more rapidly (within min) at the neuronal membrane in a mode similar to neurotransmitters or neuromodulators 16, 17. ![]() In parallel, the activity of brain aromatase, the enzyme producing estrogens 18, 19, 20, is also regulated within two separate time frames: in the long term via changes in transcription and thus concentration of the enzyme 21, and more rapidly (seconds to minutes) via phosphorylation of the enzyme triggered by changes in neuronal activity 22, 23, 24. The view of a female or the sexual interaction with her affects within minutes brain AA specifically in nuclei that are part of the social behavior network 25, such as the medial preoptic nucleus (POM) or bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) 26, 27. However, these studies reflect AA measured post-mortem by an ex vivo assay designed to maximize enzymatic activity 28 and do not directly answer the question of whether brain E 2 concentrations also change in such a dynamic manner. In vivo microdialysis has long been used to monitor dynamic changes in neurotransmitter concentrations in a behaviorally relevant context (e.g., 29, 30, 31), but until relatively recently it was thought that this approach could not be used for steroids, in particular E 2 which is present in much lower concentrations. Remage-Healey and colleagues, however, showed with this technique that in zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata), a species that displays an unusually high telencephalic AA, changes in E 2 concentrations in the auditory cortex can be measured within 30 min after hearing conspecific songs 32. We asked whether this approach would be sensitive enough to monitor changes in E 2 concentrations in the POM of male quail, a brain region that exhibits a lower AA than the auditory cortex of zebra finches, though this activity is much higher than in the rodent brain 9, 33. ![]()
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